MRI-2
创建时间
Mar 12, 2024 11:51 AM
日期
标签
MRI_Lecture 2
MR Imaging Sequences 磁共振成像序列
Gradient-echo 梯度回波
- Different acquisition strategies can be used for different purposes within the same MRI scan.

↑为什么?(因果关系)
在一个TR间隔内,要进行三次
- In practice, for every RF transmission, multiple slices are acquired by tuning the RF frequency of the transmitted pulse. One can acquire multiple slices during one TR interval, by transmitting every TE within the same TR interval.
这样可以在一次TR内,做不同位置的切片(通过角速度控制)
但是是同一个方向(例如z)
Multi-slice gradient echo sequences 多层梯度回波序列
Max SNR is for 𝛼 = 90°, but this requires a long TR to allow full 𝑇1 relaxation to occur. This translates into long image acquisition time.
Ex:
If is 1 s and T_R is set to 3 ∗ to allow almost complete (>95%) relaxation, a 256x256 image will require 8 minutes to acquire (per z-slice). A 512 x 512 over 16 minutes (per z-slice), too long for clinical standards.
所以要缩减的值
恩斯特角:

MRI contrast: 𝜌,,
𝜌,都是常量,不会改变,但是其他的参数可以变

Spin-echo 自旋回声
不同物质虽然值不同,但是差异可能很小,导致对比度不明显,这时候需要使用spin-echo
如果TR特别大或者特别小(相比于),那么就相当于没有权重,纯粹是表现的差异
TE也是同样的道理
于是有了下面几种情况:

从左到右:
T1加权:TE特别小,T2权重没有,对比度来自T1恢复速度,脂肪/黄骨髓表现为亮,水和脑脊液表现为暗
T2加权:TR特别大,但是增加成像时间,T1权重没有,对比度来自T2,水和脑脊液看起来比脂肪亮
质子密度加权:小TE和大TR,对比度来自PD,高质子数高亮,脑脊液、脂肪和大多数组织看起来亮
MRI Equipment
Three major blocks: super-conducting magnet, RF coils and (magnetic field) gradient coils.
In brief:
A. The super-conducting magnet produces a net magnetization within the patient.
A. 超导磁体在病人体内产生净磁化
B. The magnetic field gradient coils impose a linear variation of the proton resonant frequency as a function of position.
B. 磁场梯度线圈施加质子共振频率作为位置函数的线性变化
C. The RF coils produce the magnetic energy required to create transverse magnetization and also receive the MRI signal via Faraday induction.
C. 射频线圈产生产生横向磁化所需的磁能,并通过法拉第感应接收MRI信号

Super-conducting magnet
超导磁体用于高场强,一般是1.5T或者3T,实验室到7T,1T一下一般用永磁体和电阻磁体(便宜)(但是SNR低),例如Nb–Ti铌钛合金,10K超导,使用液氦和‘zero-refill operation’技术反复降温
RF Coils
射频线圈,RF部分,波长大,高频8–300 MHz,光子能量小,不产生电离
phase-modulated pulses with a carrier frequency equal to the nuclear resonance or Larmor frequency
Gradient Coils
磁场强度,空间编码,简称梯度
5 - 50 mT/m
大电流脉冲组合在梯度线圈产生显著的噪声,患者需要声音保护

MRI Contrast Agents
MRI无需造影剂即可对血管成像,但是对于一些小血管,可以使用造影剂
例如:
正造影剂, Positive contrast agents (Paramagnetic): they shorten the 𝑇1 of the tissue in which they accumulate and are therefore referred to as positive contrast agents since they increase the MRI signal on 𝑇1 -weighted scans.
Gadolinium (64-钆(ga, 二声))-based: they have the same biodistribution as contrast agents for CT and are not captured by the cells.
常用于CNS(中枢神经系统)疾病诊断,持续几十分钟至几小时,然后被肾脏迅速代谢掉
负造影剂, Negative contrast agents (Super-Paramagnetic): they reduce the MR signal in the tissue where they accumulate.
超顺磁造影剂的工作原理是在局部磁场中引起很强的不均匀性。通过这些局部不均匀性扩散的水分子经历非常快的T2和T2弛豫,因此,在药物积聚在T2加权梯度回波或T2加权自旋回波序列上的组织中,信号强度降低。
Iron oxide is metabolized by specific cells, with the tumor intensity remaining unaffected as a relatively bright area.
MRI Safety
铁磁性物体不能带入磁共振检查室,因为强静态磁场会将这些物体吸引到磁场中心。这将破坏线圈,并可能严重伤害线圈内的病人。必须绝对确定带入磁共振检查室的所有材料和设备(例如,人工呼吸器、剪刀、发夹、回形针)完全与磁共振兼容。非铁磁性金属化合物通常是安全的。
除了骨骼和空气(肺、肠胃),因为水含量少,不适用MRI,其他部位通过调整都可以用
软组织尤其适用MRI