Nuclear Medicine
|Last edited: 2024-4-18
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Apr 18, 2024 08:10 AM
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Brief Introduction

Gamma rays

和X光(100-120 keV)很像,但是能量更高(>120 keV)
是电离的ionizng
需要使用造影剂contrast agent
在身体的特定部位,吸收速度不同,然后释放(emits),成像
There exit three different modalities: planar scintigraphy, SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography).
平面显像,单光子发射计算机断层扫描,正电子发射断层扫描

Planar Scintigraphy, SPECT, PET and hybrid modalities.

Scintigraphy: Whole-body scan: single 2D image of the distribution of theradiotracer (one gamma ray is emitted per decay). Mostly used for tumors, bones and metastases. Concept is analog to X-ray radiography (source and detector are at a fixed location in space)
主要用于肿瘤、骨骼和转移瘤
SPECT: 3D distribution of the radiotracer 放射示踪物, very often Technetium (锝)
PET: The unstable nucleus emits a positron which by annihilation with an electron generates two gamma-rays. Main application is the diagnosis of oncological diseases. PET reconstructs the distribution of the radiotracer in 3D.
原子核释放正电子,与电子湮灭产生gamma射线
 
重要思想:Nuclear Medicine allows to label metabolism: it enables functional imaging, i.e. the final image will show metabolic activities of cells (for example uptake of sugar).
核医学与X光、CT等不同,分辨率往往不一定高,但是那些偏向结构,这个偏向功能(functional),代谢途径和密度可以很好地看出来
Key words: Radioactivity, atoms decay/ transform
单词:
protons 质子
nucleus 原子核
mass number 质量数
isotopes 同位素

A Primer on Radioactivity

Alpha decay

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不成像,但是因为损伤组织,所以可以用于放疗 radiotherapy
中子轰击

Beta- decay

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中子变为质子和电子(beta射线),发射一个gamma射线
在平面上成像很有用,平面显像,SPECT

Beta+ decay

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一个质子变为中子,释放一个正电子,两次发射两个gamma射线
用于PET成像

同位素衰减

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时间常数,
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衰变单位Ci,1 Ci=3.7*10^10 decays/s
1贝克勒尔Bq=1 decays/s
1 Ci = 3.7*10^10 Bq
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有效半衰期,生物半衰期,放射半衰期
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计算

t0 = 0

Ideal Properties of a Radiotracer

  1. 半衰期短,寿命短(快速)
  1. 放射单一能量(gamma射线)
  1. 在特定组织吸收好,别的组织少吸收
用锝99,低于100keV会被人体吸收
不能直接注射!
Example: if clinicians suspect bones oncological diseases or they want to look for bones diseases, Tc is combined to a chemical compound which binds to some Calcium complex, whose uptake is high in bones cancer cells. The radio-pharmaceutical is then delivered to the organ/tissue of interest with high selectivity.
和特定物质结合,例如癌细胞,那就和Ca结合

Detectors, clinical applications.

成像原理和X光一样,Photo-electric, Compton scattering, full transmission
大部分gamma射线被人体吸收(99%),所以准直器(collimation)需要更精确
没有被体内吸收地射线与闪烁晶体(scintillation crystal)接触发光,光信号多次放大转化为电信号
这里使用photomultiplier 光电倍增管
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平面成像,也丢失深度信息
放射物质成黑色信号
Whole Body scan is the most common application, for example bone scanning and tumors detection.
Soft-tissue tumors can cause deformation and remodeling of bone structures.
Bone tumors can create new bones. Spinal tumors can remodel the spine.
骨骼扫描,肿瘤检测

SPECT

不能像X光那样旋转发射器,因为射线来自患者体内,所以一般用两到三个伽马相机旋转
伽马相机 gamma camera
平面闪烁成像用一个相机,或者上下两个,丢失深度信息;开转!可以还原深度信息

SPECT-CT

SPECT-CT is a multimodality imaging, it combines X-rays CT and SPECT. X光,高分辨率,解剖成像;SPECT,高对比度,敏感度结构成像
临床应用: coronary artery disease CAD 冠状动脉疾病
在彩色SPECT-CT中,低信号为深色/黑色
血液灌注的差异带来成像差异
脑部也可以用,正常的大脑左右对称,灰质血流量大于白质
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PET

正电子衰变
不需要准直器,因为是两个相反方向的射线,用环对同时检测的两边的信号求和即可
造影剂F-18,药物FDG氟脱氧葡萄糖
诊断肿瘤
光子photos能量:SPECT 140 keV, PET 511 keV

PET-CT

用两个独立的环检测,一个测PET,一个测CT
高分辨率空间图像,高信噪比的PET功能图
应用:全身检查,癌症,心脏