Basic neuro imaging
创建时间
Apr 12, 2024 11:05 AM
标签
Techniques

X-rays
barely used in brain, always used in spine.

Oblique: 倾斜的
CT
Density
The density of the tissue can be reflected by attenuation values.
air → -1000, water → 0, compact bone → 1000
fat → -60 ~ -120
Window /level 窗宽/窗位
Contrast and brightness.

窗位(WL):数值中心点
窗宽(WW):数值上下限差值
85/35实际上是[-7.5, 77.5]
进一步的,按照这个区间,把数值映射到[0, 255] ,化为图像
Slice thickness/Reformat
Thinner slice thickness is necessary under the condition of suitable exposure.
切片厚度,理解为采样间隔,如果太大会导致细节丢失
Contrast
Intravenous administration of iodinated contrast agent
碘基的血液造影,不再赘述
p.s. 也有图像生成方向的研究,用没有使用造影剂的图像去生成有造影剂的图像
CTA/CTV
Computed tomography arteriography and venography. (动脉和静脉)
MRI
Signal intensity
Relaxation differences is the basis of imaging contrast.
Multi sequences
Brain MRI protocol
Sagittal T1-weighted imaging (矢状面T1)
Axial T1-weighted imaging (轴向T1)
Axial T2-weighted imaging
Axial FLAIR
(fluid-attenuated inversion recovery)
Axial DWI (diffusion weighted imaging)
Fat-suppression sequence
Contrast
Gd-DTPA 顺磁性对比剂Gd钆剂,螯合物
Gd离子带有3个正电荷,含有七个不成对电子,顺磁性很强,能显著缩短组织的T1弛豫时间;大剂量注射的话,还能够显著缩短周围组织的T2及T2*弛豫时间,达到增加组织之间对比度的目的。
阳性对比剂:变亮
阴性对比剂:变暗
不同剂量的Gd实际上能作为上面两种,低剂量主要缩短T1,为阳性,高剂量主要缩短T2,为阴性
Advantages and disadvantages

Technique selection and common diseases
Craniocerebral Trauma 颅脑创伤

首先使用CT检查,可以通过选窗,看颜色初诊(出血),MRI图像从形态,大小,颜色
下面的左图位置是重要结构


肿瘤出血(先有出血,然后进一步发现肿瘤)
从左到右,CT,T2,FLAIR
蛛网膜出血和高血压出血
Vascular Malformations 血管畸形
CT: first examination
CTA: to identify AVM, venous angioma.
MRI: to identify AVM, venous angioma, cavernous angioma.
DSA: provides details of flow dynamics (血管造影)
AVM:脑动静脉畸形
Infarction
CT: first examination
to exclude hemorrhage, brain tumor
CTA: to reveal the extent and location of vessel occlusion.
CTP: to identify infarct core and ischemic penumbra.

颞叶内侧萎缩 (MTA)级别

白质疾病 white matter, same as MTA, MRI+PET
Imaging features
图像采集→特征提取→诊断